Estimate stopping distance from speed, grip and reaction time.
Travelling speed in km/h.
A friction coefficient for the surface and tyres.
Time before you hit the brakes - we add the thinking distance.
Braking distance = v squared / (2 x mu x g), where v is speed in m/s, mu is the grip coefficient and g is 9.81. We add the thinking distance (speed x reaction time) for the total stopping distance.
Braking distance grows with the square of speed, so doubling your speed roughly quadruples the distance needed to stop - a key reason small speed increases matter so much.
Grip can drop from about 1.0 dry to 0.5 wet, which doubles the braking distance. Ice can cut grip to 0.1-0.2, multiplying it several times over.
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